Engineering Mathematics : Plane Geometry Part 1

Fundamental Principles


Angles

• Acute angle = less 90 deg
• Obtuse angle = more than 90 and less than 180 deg
• Straight angle =180 deg
• Vertex of the angle is point where two lines meet
• Supplementary angles have a sum of 180 deg
• Complementary angles have a sum of 90 deg
• The base angles of an isosceles (two equal sides) triangle =  60 deg
• Each angle of an isosceles right triangle = 45 deg
• Exterior angle of a triangle is the sum of the remote interior angle
• The sum of the angles of a polygon of n sides = (n-2)180 deg
• The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon = 360 deg

Congruence of triangle

In geometry,Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides are equal in length and their corresponding angles are equal in size

conditions:   (s=side  ; a=angle)

• s.a.s =s.a.s   (Side-Angle-Side)
• a.s.a=a.s.a  (Angle-Side-Angle)
• s.s.s=s.s.s  (Side-Side-Side
• a.a.s=a.a.s (Angle-Angle-Side)

Two right triangles are congruent if hypotenuse and leg of one hypotenuse and corresponding leg of the other.

Algebra: What are the examples of Empirical formula

Some Formulas are derived by means of experimentation. Among these are the formulas discovered by pascal, Galileo and Archimedes. They are called empirical formulas.

Examples of Empirical formulas:
1.1 a formula for changing temperature from Fahrenheit to centigrade.

2.   a formula showing the relation of weights on a balance with the lengths of its arms.

3. -a formula used in finding electrical power.

4.a formula for finding work done in foot pounds.

5. an ohms law, a formula for finding I, the number of amperes of electric current , E, the electromotive force in volts, and R, the resistance in ohms.

6. a formula for finding the distance covered by falling bodies.

Algebra: What is the Lowest common Multiple in Algebraic Expression

The lowest common multiple ( L.C.M) of two or more arithmetical or algebraic expressions is the expression having the least number of factors which  will exactly contain each of the iven expressions.Thus the numbers 4, 6 and 12 will have 12 for their LCM for it exactly contains each of the numbers. it is easier  to find the LCM  of the polynomials like   and

         
  We find that,  while

Therefore, the LCM of the polynomials is

Note:
To find the LCM of two or more expressions, separate each expression into its prime factors. Then take the product of all the different prime factors using each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in any one expression

Algebra: How to factor a trinomial Perfect Square

From your previous topics , You learned that the square of a binomial is a trinomial perfect square. Thus , the factors of a trinomial perfect square are two binomials which may be written as the square of a binomial.

To illustrate this point , let us consider the following examples.
Example.1
Multiplication

factoring

 is the square root of  
while 3 is the square root of 9


Example 2
Multiplication

factoring

  is the square root of 
while 5 is the square root of 25


Note:
From the examples , it is clear that the following points should be noted in factoring a trinomial perfect square.
1.The factors consists pf like binomials whose terms are the square roots of the terms which are perfect squares.
2. The sign connecting the terms of the binomial factor is the same as the sign of the remaining term.


Hence if a trinomial is perfect square, its factors can be easily be determined.
The problem then is , " How do we know that a trinomial is a perfect square?"


let us consider the trinomial 

Analysis: 

or

and

or

 therefore 

and 9 are perfect squares . 2x is called the square root of 

 and 3 is the square root of 9. Now   

and if their product is doubled , we get  

which is the middle term of the trinomial.

Therefore, trinomial is a perfect square if the following conditions exist:
1. Two terms are positive perfect squares.
2. The third term (generally the middle term) is twice the product of the square roots of the terms which are perfect and may be either positive or negative.

Algebra: How to Translate verbal Statements into symbols

An equation is an important tool in problem solving but another tool which is just as necessary is representing related quantities by means of symbols. It must be recalled thatb letter like x can be used to represent the numerical value of a certain quantity. quantities related to the latter may also be expressed in terms of x . For example , if x represents the first of two consecutive integers, then the next consecutive integer( which is greater by 1) will be represented by x+1.

 There are certain rules which must be followed in representing quantities. generally, it is sufficient to use x or any chosen symbol to represent the smaller of two quantities or the smallest of three or more quantities. another way is by representing the independent quantity by x. suppose , for example, that Pedro is twice as old as Juan. this condition shows that the age of Pedro depends upon the age of Juan and hence it is better to let x represent the age in years of Juan. Pedro's age in years will re represented by 2x